Primaries

The ways that states hold party primaries may have profound implications for civility in all elected offices. The basic problem is that only the most committed voters on each side vote in primaries -- usually less than 10% of the eligible electorate. Given how many elected positions are "safe" -- meaning that one party is virtually guaranteed to win, this means that the primary is, essentially, the whole election. When elections are decided by primary voters, then less civil candidates have an advantage over more civil candidates. 

Some of the issues/changes that might influene civility include:

1) Having open primaries, in which anyone can vote, as opposed to closed primaries, in which only people who have previously registered as being a Democrat or Republican, can vote in thier party's primary.
--This essay by Perry Stein in The New Republic quotes Jeffrey Skelly at the University of Virginia's center for politics: "the effect of open primaries, especially in competitive races, has been to strengthen the state’s political independents and dilute the influence of partisan ideologues. It’s no accident that states with open primaries often nominate more temperate politicians than those with closed primaries." [added by haidt, 2/12]

2) Instant Runoff Voting: people rank their several top choices, so candidates have an incentive to appeal more broadly, so that they are the second or third choice of many voters.

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  News and Links

[links to news stories and research papers about electoral reforms will go here, added by any contributor]
--See a great list of reforms offered by Mickey Edwards  (former Republican congressman).